Causally Probing the Role of the Hippocampus in Fear Discrimination: A Precision Functional Mapping-Guided, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study in Participants With Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms.

Background: Fear overgeneralization is a promising pathogenic mechanism of clinical anxiety. A dominant model posits that hippocampal pattern separation failures drive overgeneralization. Hippocampal network-targeted transcranial magnetic stimulation (HNT-TMS) has been shown to strengthen hippocampal-dependent learning/memory processes. However, no study has examined whether HNT-TMS can alter fear learning/memory. Methods: Continuous theta burst stimulation was delivered to individualized left posterior parietal stimulation sites derived via seed-based connectivity, precision functional mapping, and electric field modeling methods. A vertex control site was also stimulated in a within-participant, randomized controlled design. Continuous theta burst stimulation was delivered prior to 2 visual discrimination tasks (1 fear based, 1 neutral). Multilevel models were used to model and test data. Participants were undergraduates with posttraumatic stress symptoms (final n = 25). Results: Main analyses did not indicate that HNT-TMS strengthened discrimination. However, multilevel interaction analyses revealed that HNT-TMS strengthened fear discrimination in participants with lower fear sensitization (indexed by responses to a control stimulus with no similarity to the conditioned fear cue) across multiple indices (anxiety ratings: ß = 0.10, 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.17, p = .001; risk ratings: ß = 0.07, 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.13, p = .037). Conclusions: Overgeneralization is an associative process that reflects deficient discrimination of the fear cue from similar cues. In contrast, sensitization reflects nonassociative responding unrelated to fear cue similarity. Our results suggest that HNT-TMS may selectively sharpen fear discrimination when associative response patterns, which putatively implicate the hippocampus, are more strongly engaged.

Fear overgeneralization is a promising pathogenic mechanism of clinical anxiety that is thought to be driven by deficient hippocampal discrimination. Using hippocampal network­targeted transcranial magnetic stimulation (HNT-TMS) in healthy participants with symptoms of posttraumatic stress, Webler et al. report that HNT-TMS did not strengthen discrimination overall, but it did strengthen fear discrimination in participants with lower fear sensitization. Sensitization reflects nonassociative fear responding unrelated to fear cue similarity and therefore is not expected to engage the hippocampal discrimination function. These results suggest that HNT-TMS may selectively sharpen fear discrimination when the hippocampal discrimination function is more strongly engaged.

Advantages of retrograde intrarenal incision versus laparoscopic surgery in management of pararenal cysts: a single-center experience.

PURPOSE: Renal cysts are typically a benign condition, and parapelvic cysts are a type of renal cyst that occur adjacent to the renal pelvis or renal sinus. Parapelvic cysts can increase the risk for injury to adjacent organs or urine leakage during laparoscopic surgery. Flexible ureteroscopes with laser assistance were used to make internal incisions in cysts. Perioperative outcomes of this method were compared with those of laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: Eight-three patients, who underwent surgical treatment for renal cysts at the authors' medical center between January 2019 and June 2022, were evaluated. Two patients were excluded because they originally opted for RIRS but subsequently converted to laparoscopic surgery. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on surgery type: laparoscopic; and RIRS for internal incision. Outcomes in both groups were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 81 patients analyzed, 60 [74% (group 1)] underwent laparoscopic surgery and 21 [26% (group 2)] underwent RIRS for internal incision. The median operative durations for groups 1 and 2 were 87 and 56 min, respectively (p < 0.001). Relative to RIRS, laparoscopic surgery resulted in greater postoperative painkiller use (laparoscopic surgery versus [vs.] RIRS, 43% vs. 19%; p = 0.047). The median length of hospital stay was 2 and 1 days, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: RIRS demonstrated several advantages over laparoscopic surgery for the internal incision of parapelvic cysts, including shorter operative duration, shorter hospital stay, and less postoperative pain control. These findings may guide the selection of appropriate surgical approaches for patients with renal cysts.

Early Postoperative Outcomes of Retroperitoneal Partial Nephrectomy of Anterior and Posterior Renal Tumors: A 5-Year Experience in A Single Center.

Objective: Partial nephrectomy (PN) is one of the surgical treatment options for renal tumors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the surgical outcomes of retroperitoneal PN for anterior and posterior tumors. Materials and Methods: This study enrolled 177 patients who had renal tumors that were detected on abdominal computed tomography and underwent PN between January 2017 and April 2021. Tumor position was defined by the anatomic avascular Brodel's line. Surgical outcomes were compared between approaches using the chi-squared Student's t-tests, logistic regression analysis, and stratification analysis. Results: Of the 177 patients, 97 (54.8%) patients had anterior renal tumors and 80 (45.2%) had posterior renal tumors. On comparing the surgical results between the two groups, the anterior group had higher levels of hemoglobin (Hb) reduction (-1.92 vs -1.54 g/dL, p = 0.0444), but the estimated blood loss showed no significant difference between the two groups (497.6 vs 433.2 mL, p = 0.4149). In addition, the alteration in estimated glomerular filtration rate at postoperative 1st day (p = 0.5616), 6th month (p = 0.5046), and at postoperative 1st year (p = 0.7085) was not significantly different between the two groups. Other surgical outcomes, such as blood transfusion rate, complications, and lengths of stay, also had no significant difference. Stratified analysis revealed the anterior renal tumors had a 3.76 times risk (p = 0.0186) than the posterior tumors for decreasing Hb >10% under laparoscopic PN. No postoperative gastrointestinal-related complications were reported. Conclusions: This study demonstrated retroperitoneal surgical access to renal tumors and revealed equivalent surgical outcomes for both anterior and posterior renal tumors. Moreover, anterior renal tumors had benefits under robotic PN for bleeding control. Retroperitoneal PN can be considered as a good approach for both anterior and posterior renal tumors with few intra-abdominal complications.

Safety and Efficacy of Intravesical Epinephrine Instillation in Patients with Intractable Lower Urinary Tract Hematuria - A Novel Approach.

OBJECTIVE: To treat intractable hematuria with intravesical instillation of epinephrine. METHODS: Sixty patients were treated with intravesical instillation of epinephrine at Mackay Memorial Hospital. The control group was composed of 60 patients who were treated with standard-of-care cystoscopic electrocautery fulguration. Under general anesthesia, epinephrine-treated group were injected with 150 mL of diluted epinephrine (1:10,000) through cystoscopy, followed by bladder irrigation with 1:100,000-diluted epinephrine at the ward. Successful hemostasis was defined as hematuria resolution within 1 month post-treatment without additional invasive procedures. RESULTS: In the 60 patients who underwent intravesical instillation of epinephrine, radiation cystitis was the most common etiology (65.0%). Fifty-two patients (86.7%) required no additional therapy within 1 month after one course of intravesical epinephrine instillation treatment compared with 28 patients (46.7%) in the electrocautery fulguration-control group (P <.001). We observed a significant decrease in both the median length of hospitalization (P = .049) and the need for additional invasive procedures (P <.001) in the epinephrine group. In addition, cardiopulmonary monitoring of mean blood pressure, mean heart rate, and mean respiratory rate demonstrated no significant differences after epinephrine treatment. CONCLUSION: In this study, intravesical instillation of epinephrine was an innovative method of hemostasis for intractable lower urinary tract hematuria with a success rate of 86.7%, compared to 46.7% in the control group, and significantly reduced the number of additional procedures required and the length of hospitalization. It was well-tolerated by all patients, and was a safe and effective treatment modality for intractable hematuria or bladder hemorrhage.

Retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large adrenal tumors-analysis of tumor size and adverse events: a retrospective single-center study.

Introduction: Adrenal tumors are relatively common, and adrenalectomy is the third most common endocrine surgery. Patients with adrenal tumors were categorized into two groups for analysis: those with intermediate (4-6 cm, Group 1) and large (>6 cm, Group 2) tumors undergoing Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy (RLA). The primary outcome is to compare the surgical outcomes between these two groups. The secondary outcome involves analyzing the relationship between tumor characteristics and the incidence of adverse events. Methods: Data from 76 patients who underwent RLA for tumors of size ≥4 cm between 2005 and 2022 at a single tertiary referral center were analyzed retrospectively. Variables, including patients' age, hormone function, operation time, conversion to open approach, perioperative complications, and adverse surgical events (blood loss >500 cc, conversion to open approach, and perioperative complications), were assessed. Results: No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of functional and histopathologic analysis, gender distribution, functioning factors, perioperative complications, and estimated blood loss. However, patients in Group 2 were younger (median age 50, IQR: 40-57, P = 0.04), experienced longer operative times (median 175 min, IQR: 145-230 min, P = 0.005), and had a higher rate of conversion to open surgery (12%, P = 0.033). For every 1 cm increase in tumor size, the odds ratio for adverse surgical events increased by 1.58. Conclusions: RLA is a safe and feasible procedure for adrenal tumors larger than 6 cm. While intraoperative and postoperative complications are not significantly increased in either group, larger tumors increase surgery times and are more likely to require conversion to open surgery. Therefore, caution and preparedness for potential adverse events are recommended when dealing with larger tumors. A tumor size of 5.3 cm may serve as a guide for risk stratification and surgical planning in large adrenal tumor management.

Surgical outcome predictor analysis following hand-assisted or pure laparoscopic transperitoneal nephroureterectomy using the Taiwan upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma database.

Purpose: Taiwan has a high incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). This study aimed to compare the surgical outcomes following transperitoneal hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (TP-HALNU) and transperitoneal pure laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (TP-LNU) from the Taiwan nationwide UTUC collaboration database using different parameters, including surgical volumes. Materials and methods: The nationwide UTUC collaboration database includes 14 hospitals in Taiwan from the Taiwan Cancer Registry. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 622 patients who underwent laparoscopic nephroureterectomy between July 1988 and September 2020. In total, 322 patients who received TP-LNU or TP-HALNU were included in the final analysis. Clinical and pathological data and oncological outcomes were compared. Results: Of the 322 patients, 181 and 141 received TP-LNU and TP-HALNU, respectively. There were no differences in clinical and histopathological data between the two groups. No differences were observed in perioperative and postoperative complications. There were no significant differences in oncological outcomes between the two surgical approaches. In the multivariate analysis, the cohort showed that age ≥70 years, positive pathological lymph node metastasis, tumors located in the upper ureter, and male sex were predictive factors associated with an increased risk of adverse oncological outcomes. A surgical volume of ≥20 cases showed a trend toward favorable outcomes on cancer-specific survival [hazard ratio (HR) 0.154, p = 0.052] and marginal benefit for overall survival (HR 0.326, p = 0.019) in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Although different approaches to transperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy showed no significant differences in surgical outcomes, age, sex, lymph node metastasis, and tumor in the upper ureter in the following period were predictive factors for oncological outcomes. Higher surgical volume did not impact disease-free survival and bladder recurrence-free survival but was associated with improved overall survival and cancer-specific survival. Exploration of unknown influencing factors is warranted.

Ten-years outcome analysis in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy.

Purpose: Since there was no consensus on treatment options for localized prostate cancer, we performed a retrospective study to compare the long-term survival benefit of radiotherapy (RT) versus laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) in Taiwan. Methods: 218 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated between 2008 and 2017 (64 with LRP and 154 with RT) were enrolled in this study. The outcomes of RT and LRP were assessed after patients were stratified according to Gleason score, stage, and risk group. Crude survival, prostate cancer-specific survival, and metastasis-free survival were evaluated using the log-rank test. Results: The 5-year crude survival rate was 93.3% in the LRP group and 59.3% in the RT group. A significant survival benefit was found in the LRP group compared with the RT group (p = 0.004). Furthermore, significant differences were found in disease-specific survival (93.3% vs. 64.7%, p = 0.022) and metastasis-free survival (48% vs. 40.2%, p = 0.045) between the LRP and RT groups. Conclusions: Men with localized prostate cancer treated initially with LRP had a lower risk of prostate cancer-specific death and metastases compared with those treated with RT.

Comparison of Fragmentation and Dusting Modality Using Holmium YAG Laser during Ureteroscopy for the Treatment of Ureteral Stone: A Single-Center's Experience.

Laser ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) is an efficacious treatment for ureteral stones. There have been few previous studies comparing the different energy and frequency settings for URSL in a single center. We compared these two laser modalities, which were simultaneously used in our medical center for the treatment of ureteral stones. Patients who underwent fragmentation or dusting laser URSL between September 2018 and June 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. We compared patients who underwent fragmentation and dusting laser and assessed the enhancing factors for stone free rate. There were a total of 421 patients with ureteral stones who met the study criteria. There was no significant difference between the characteristics of both groups. The fragmentation group had a better stone free rate and a lower retropulsion rate compared with the dusting group. Multivariate analysis revealed that stone basket use, no upper ureteral stone or pyuria significantly improved the stone free rate. Both laser modes were effective and safe for ureteral lithotripsy although the fragmentation system showed slightly higher effectiveness and lower complication rate.

Is Lymph Node Dissection Necessary During Radical Nephroureterectomy for Clinically Node-Negative Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma? A Multi-Institutional Study.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the oncological outcomes of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) without clinical lymph node metastasis (cN0) undergoing lymph node dissection (LND) during radical nephroureterectomy (NU). Methods: From the updated data of the Taiwan UTUC Collaboration Group, a total of 2726 UTUC patients were identified. We only include patients with ≥ pT2 stage and enrolled 658 patients. The Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards model were used to analyze overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), disease-free survival (DFS), and bladder recurrence-free survival (BRFS) in LND (+) and LND (-) groups. Results: A total of 658 patients were included and 463 patients without receiving LND and 195 patients receiving LND. From both univariate and multivariate survival analysis, there are no significant difference between LND (+) and LND (-) group in survival rate. In LND (+) group, 18.5% patients have pathological LN metastasis. After analyzing pN+ subgroup, it revealed worse CSS (p = 0.010) and DFS (p < 0.001) compared with pN0 patients. Conclusions: We found no significant survival benefit related to LND in cN0 stage, ≥ pT2 stage UTUC, irrespective of the number of LNs removed, although pN+ affected cancer prognosis. However, from the result of pN (+) subgroup of LND (+) cohort analysis, it may be reasonable to not perform LND in patients with cT2N0 stage due to low positive predictive value of pN (+). In addition, performing LND may be considered for ureter cancer, which tends to cause lymphatic and hematogenous tumor spreading. Further large prospective studies are needed to validate our findings.

Impact of Adjuvant Chemotherapy on Variant Histology of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Analysis.

Background: The advantage of adjuvant chemotherapy for upper urinary tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) has been reported, whereas its impact on upper tract cancer with variant histology remains unclear. We aimed to answer the abovementioned question with our real-world data. Design Setting and Participants: Patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and were confirmed to have variant UTUC were retrospectively evaluated for eligibility of analysis. In the Taiwan UTUC Collaboration database, we identified 245 patients with variant UTUC among 3,109 patients with UTUC who underwent RNU after excluding patients with missing clinicopathological information. Intervention: Those patients with variant UTUC were grouped based on their history of receiving adjuvant chemotherapy or not. Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: Propensity score matching was used to reduce the treatment assignment bias. Multivariable Cox regression model was used for the analysis of overall, cancer-specific, and disease-free survival. Results and Limitations: For the patients with variant UTUC who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy compared with those without chemotherapy, survival benefit was identified in overall survival in univariate analysis (hazard ratio (HR), 0.527; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.285-0.973; p = 0.041). In addition, in multivariate analysis, patients with adjuvant chemotherapy demonstrated significant survival benefits in cancer-specific survival (OS; HR, 0.454; CI, 0.208-0.988; p = 0.047), and disease-free survival (DFS; HR, 0.324; 95% CI, 0.155-0.677; (p = 0.003). The main limitations of the current study were its retrospective design and limited case number. Conclusions: Adjuvant chemotherapy following RNU significantly improved cancer-related survivals in patients with UTUC with variant histology.

Clinical Efficacy of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Advanced Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (pT3-T4): Real-World Data from the Taiwan Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Collaboration Group.

The clinical efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is unclear. We aimed to assess the therapeutic outcomes of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced UTUC (pT3-T4) after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). We retrospectively reviewed the data of 2108 patients from the Taiwan UTUC Collaboration Group between 1988 and 2018. Comprehensive clinical features, pathological characteristics, and survival outcomes were recorded. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and disease-free survival (DFS). Of the 533 patients with advanced UTUC included, 161 (30.2%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. In the multivariate analysis, adjuvant chemotherapy was significantly associated with a reduced risk of overall death (hazard ratio (HR), 0.599; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.419-0.857; p = 0.005), cancer-specific mortality (HR, 0.598; 95% CI, 0.391-0.914; p = 0.018), and cancer recurrence (HR, 0.456; 95% CI, 0.310-0.673; p < 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy had significantly better five-year OS (64% vs. 50%, p = 0.002), CSS (70% vs. 62%, p = 0.043), and DFS (60% vs. 48%, p = 0.002) rates compared to those who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. In conclusion, adjuvant chemotherapy after RNU had significant therapeutic benefits on OS, CSS, and DFS in advanced UTUC.

Bladder Neck Contracture with Hem-o-Lok Clips Migration after Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Hem-o-lok clips are widely used in robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). However, clips-related complications have been reported, including intravesical migration. Here, we share a 60-year-old male case with newly diagnosed prostatic adenocarcinoma. With an unfavorable intermediate risk, he was admitted for RARP. He was discharged from hospital without any immediate complications. However, he reported progressive dysuria and slow urine stream 6 months after surgery. Cystoscopy showed severe bladder neck contracture (BNC), and 2 Hem-o-lok clips were found intravesically and removed during bladder neck incision. Subsequently, fiberocystoscopy revealed another 2 clips near the bladder neck with mild BNC after another 6 months. These 2 clips were also removed during bladder neck dilatation. His urination status then improved without further obstruction. Clip migration after RARP is uncommon; however, clinicians must keep this in mind when patients present with new complaints such as lower urinary tract symptoms, hematuria, and recurrent urinary tract infections.

Muscle Loss During Androgen Deprivation Therapy Is Associated With Higher Risk of Non-Cancer Mortality in High-Risk Prostate Cancer.

The changes in body composition are early adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT); however, their prognostic impact remains unclear in prostate cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the association between body composition changes and survival in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. We measured the skeletal muscle index (SMI) and total adipose tissue index (TATI) at the L3 vertebral level using computed tomography at baseline and within one year after initiating ADT in 125 patients with high-risk prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and ADT between 2008 and 2018. Non-cancer mortality predictors were identified using Cox regression models. The median follow-up was 49 months. Patients experienced an average SMI loss of 5.5% over 180 days (95% confidence interval: -7.0 to -4.0; p<0.001) and TATI gain of 12.6% over 180 days (95% confidence interval: 9.0 to 16.2; p<0.001). Body mass index changes were highly and weakly correlated with changes in TATI and SMI, respectively (Spearman ρ for TATI, 0.78, p<0.001; ρ for SMI, 0.27, p=0.003). As a continuous variable, each 1% decrease in SMI was independently associated with a 9% increase in the risk of non-cancer mortality (hazard ratio: 1.09; p=0.007). Moreover, the risk of non-cancer mortality increased 5.6-fold in patients with SMI loss ≥5% compared to those with unchanged SMI (hazard ratio: 5.60; p=0.03). Body mass index and TATI were not associated with non-cancer mortality. Muscle loss during ADT is occult, independent of weight change, and independently associated with increased non-cancer mortality in patients with high-risk prostate cancer.

Comparing Oncological Outcomes and Surgical Complications of Hand-Assisted, Laparoscopic and Robotic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the oncological outcomes and surgical complications of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) treated with different minimally invasive techniques for nephroureterectomy. METHODS: From the updated data of the Taiwan UTUC Collaboration Group, a total of 3,333 UTUC patients were identified. After excluding ineligible cases, we retrospectively included 1,340 patients from 15 institutions who received hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (HALNU), laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (LNU) or robotic nephroureterectomy (RNU) between 2001 and 2021. Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards model were used to analyze the survival outcomes, and binary logistic regression model was selected to compare the risks of postoperative complications of different surgical approaches. RESULTS: Among the enrolled patients, 741, 458 and 141 patients received HALNU, LNU and RNU, respectively. Compared with RNU (41.1%) and LNU (32.5%), the rate of lymph node dissection in HALNU was the lowest (17.4%). In both Kaplan-Meier and univariate analysis, the type of surgery was significantly associated with overall and cancer-specific survival. The statistical significance of surgical methods on survival outcomes remained in multivariate analysis, where patients undergoing HALNU appeared to have the worst overall (p = 0.007) and cancer-specific (p = 0.047) survival rates among the three groups. In all analyses, the surgical approach was not related to bladder recurrence. In addition, HALNU was significantly associated with longer hospital stay (p = 0.002), and had the highest risk of major Clavien-Dindo complications (p = 0.011), paralytic ileus (p = 0.012), and postoperative end-stage renal disease (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive surgery can be safe and feasible. We proved that compared with the HALNU group, the LNU and RNU groups have better survival rates and fewer surgical complications. It is crucial to uphold strict oncological principles with sophisticated technique to improve outcomes. Further prospective studies are needed to validate our findings.

Preoperative estimate of natural ureteral length based on computed tomography and/or plain radiography.

To predict natural ureter lengths based on clinical images. We reviewed our image database of patients who underwent multiphasic computed tomography urography from January 2019 to April 2020. Natural ureteral length (ULCTU) was measured using a three-dimensional curved multiplanar reformation technique. Patient parameters including age, height, and height of the lumbar spine, the index of ureteral length using kidney/ureter/bladder (KUB) radiographs (C-P and C-PS) and computed tomography (ULCT) were collected. ULCTU correlated most strongly with ULCT. R square and adjusted R square values from multivariate regression were 0.686 and 0.678 (left side) and 0.516 and 0.503 (right side), respectively. ULCTU could be estimated by the regression model in three different scenarios as follows: ULCT + C-P ULCTUL = 0.405 [Formula: see text] ULCTL [Formula: see text] 0.626 [Formula: see text] C-PL - 0.508 cm ULCTUR = 0.558 [Formula: see text] ULCTR [Formula: see text] 0.218 [Formula: see text] C-PR + 6.533 cm ULCT ULCTUL = 0.876 [Formula: see text] ULCTL [Formula: see text] 6.337 cm ULCTUR = 0.710 [Formula: see text] ULCTR [Formula: see text] 9.625 cm C-P ULCTUL = 0.678 [Formula: see text] C-PL [Formula: see text] 4.836 cm ULCTUR = 0.495 [Formula: see text] C-PR [Formula: see text] 10.353 cm We provide equations to predict ULCTU based on CT, KUB or CT plus KUB for different clinical scenarios. The formula based on CT plus KUB provided the most accurate estimation, while the others had lower validation values but could still meet clinical needs.

Analysis of risk factors of bladder neck contracture following transurethral surgery of prostate.

BACKGROUNDS: The aim of the present study was to investigate the perioperative parameters associated with bladder neck contracture (BNC) after transurethral surgery of the prostate and to compare the incidence of BNC after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or Thulium vaporesection (resection group) versus Thulium vapoenucleation or enucleation of the prostate (enucleation group). METHODS: Between March 2008 and March 2020, 2363 patients received TURP and 1656 patients received transurethral surgery of the prostate with Thulium laser (ThuP) at Mackay Memorial Hospital. A total of 62 patients developed BNC. These BNC patients were age-and operation-matched to 124 randomly sampled TURP/ThuP controls without BNC. A 1:1 propensity score matching model was used to evaluate the difference in incidence of BNC. RESULTS: Our study demonstrated that a greater proportion of BNC patients had history of cerebrovascular accidents (11/62 vs. 7/124, p = 0.009), coronary artery disease (14/48 vs. 16/108, p = 0.03), chronic kidney disease (14/62 vs. 11/124, p = 0.01), and two or more comorbidities (29/62 vs. 27/124, p = 0.001) compared with NBNC patients. Multivariate analysis showed that smaller prostate volume (OR 0.96 (0.94-0.99), p = 0.008) and recatherization (OR 5.6 (1.02-30.6), p = 0.047) were significantly associated with BNC. A ROC curve predicted that a prostate volume < 42.9 cm3 was associated with a notably higher rate of BNC. The propensity score matching model reported there was no difference in incidence between resection and enucleation groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that incidence of BNC was the same in different surgical techniques and that low prostate volume, recatherization and ≥ 2 comorbidities were positively correlated with the development of BNC after TURP or ThuP.